s a promising alternative to sluggish Li2CO3-based Li-CO2 electrochemistry, Li2C2O4 offers a favorable 2e− discharge pathway, yet its selective formation and reversible decomposition remain debated. Herein, we propose a nonmetal-metal synergistic catalyst—B-Ti coregulated layered transition metal boride Ti18B18O9/graphene (B-Ti/TiBOG)—to enable efficient CO2-to-Li2C2O4 conversion via frontier orbital engineering (FOE). Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations reveal that the low electronegativity of B (O > N > C > B) induces asymmetric Ti coordination, driving strong B 2p and Ti 3d orbital hybridization near the Fermi level, and better structural stability, outperforming C/N/O-Ti analogs. Interestingly, this unique FO alignment activates CO2 by populating its antibonding orbitals through a bidirectional “acceptance-feedback” mechanism to enhance CO2 adsorption (from −0.19 to −1.05 eV). The B-Ti synergy selectively stabilizes Li2C2O4 nucleation while kinetically suppressing its conversion to Li2CO3 (barrier > 0.68 eV). Consequently, the hybrid B-Ti/TiBOG catalyst achieves exceptional bifunctionality, yielding a minimal total overpotential (0.75 V) for CO2-to-Li2C2O4 cycling—maintained in the tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) solvent environments. This work highlights electronegativity-driven FOE in B-Ti diatomic synergy as key for rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries.

A QuEChERS-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of 21 veterinary drugs in feeds.Feeds were extracted with H2O-1%ammoniated acetonitrile solution(4:6,V/V),precipitated proteins by saturated lead acetate solution,and purified by NaCl,C18 and PSA.The veterinary drugs were separated on a XBridge peptide BEH C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5μm)and acquired in ESI*or ESI respectively.The results showed that all compounds had good linear relationships(r>0.99).The limits of detection(LODs)and the limits of quantitation(L0Qs)were 0.30.7µg/kg and 1.02.5µg/kg,respectively.The average recoveries ranged from 61.8%to 110.7%,with the relative standard deviations(RSDs)between 0.7%and 17%.The method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple veterinary drugs in feeds.

This study examines the feasibility of integrating advanced battery technologies into electrified propulsion systems for aviation as a pathway toward carbon emission reduction. While the successful deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs) has demonstrated the potential of electrification in sustainable mobility, the aviation sector presents distinct technical and operational challenges that require specialized engineering solutions. This work provides a comprehensive review of recent industrial developments and scholarly literature to evaluate the technological, environmental, and economic viability of electrified aircraft. Key performance limitations and energy density constraints associated with current lithium-based batteries are analyzed, along with their safety considerations and life cycle sustainability. In addition, the operational costs of battery-powered and hybrid-electric aircraft concepts are compared with those of conventional jet fuel-based systems. Recent progress in hybrid-electric propulsion architectures, emerging battery chemistries such as lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur, and future directions for propulsion system integration are also discussed. Overall, this study offers insights into sustainable aviation strategies and identifies critical research directions to accelerate the transition toward carbon-neutral flight.

In recent years,hydrogen as an energy carrier has attracted more and more attention with the increasing pressure of global climate change.According to the International Hydrogen Council,by 2050,hydrogen is expected to account for 18%of global energy demand,which is expected to help reduce global CO₂emissions by 6 billion tons per year.Hydrogen energy is one of the cleanest energy sources in the world and plays a vital role in the future energy transition.The traditional hydrogen production technology utilizes fossil raw materials(coal,natural gas,etc.)and hydrogen production by hydroelectricity are mature and are the main ways of hydrogen production at present.However,hydrogen production from fossil raw materials and hydroelectricity based on traditional electricity inevitably has direct or indirect greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental problems.At the same time,the scale of renewable energy generation,such as hydropower,wind power,and solar power,has rapidly increased.Water electrolysis hydrogen production from renewable energy electricity is a near-zero carbon emission hydrogen production method,which is an important way to achieve low-carbon environmental protection hydrogen production.Hydrogen production by electrolytic water will be the core technology of the hydrogen production industry in the future,which has high social and economic benefits.However,in the process of electrolyzing water,the main factor affecting the low efficiency of hydrogen production is the high overpotential of cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which leads to high energy consumption and is a botleneck that restricts its development.The main way to improve electrolysis efficiency while keeping the equipment basically unchanged is to reduce the high overpotential of the electrode.Therefore,it is urgent to find new electrode materials with high catalytic activity.In the past two decades,the means of designing and developing catalytic materials had been enhanced,which had provided an increasing number of inexpensive and highly active catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis with outstanding hydrogen and oxygen evolution properties at low current densities.To achieve the large-scale application of electrode materials in commercial hydrogen production,the water decomposition performance under high current density is equally important.High current density means the generation of a large number of bubbles,and the occupation of active sites by bubbles will hinder effective electrolyte contact and cause an Ohmic drop,thereby reducing the hydrogen production rate.In addition,high current density causes cracking,pulverization,and detachment of the catalytic layer of traditional catalysts and substrate materials,this can be attributed to the fact that with the prolongation of usage time,the binding force between the catalytic layer and substrate decreases,the impedance between electrode and electrolyte increases,and the stability becomes weaker.These problems are caused by the low intrinsic activity of the material.At high current density,the catalyst not only depends on its intrinsic activity,but also on the surface geometry of catalytic material.Considering that the actual reaction of electrolyzed water occurs at surface active sites of the catalyst,to increase the number of active sites per unit area of the catalyst,a three-dimensional structure can be constructed and porous or defective materials can be created to increase the specific surface area of the electrocatalyst and shorten the transmission pathways between active sites.Usually,3D porous structure electrodes,such as commercial foam nickel,are used to increase the active specific surface area and promote mass transfer.However,under the condition of high current density water decomposition,the electrode with foam nickel pore structure will hinder the bubble movement,thus forming a physical barrier at the electrode/electrolyte interface,reducing the number of effective active sites and hydrogen production rate.Therefore,the existing commercial foam nickel is still unable to meet the development trend of high electrical density and low energy consumption.In the process of seeking to replace high-performance nickel-based catalysts,nickel-based sulfides have attracted a lot of attention for their excellent properties and abundant electronic structures.However,pure nickel sulfide has poor electrical conductivity,less exposure to active centers,and low intrinsic activity,and still faces some problems in catalytic applications,so it is necessary to use nickel-based materials containing other transition metal elements to improve its short plate.To improve the problems of low current density,easy cracking,pulverization,and detachment of the catalytic layer in nickel-based hydrogen evolution electrodes,a two-step method of surface modification in situ growth was adopted to prepare a high current density integrated skeleton Ni-based compound.Dfferent amounts of thiourea(10,20,30,40 g)were investigated,and the characterization results showed that when the amount of thiourea was 40 g,the material exhibited a round stem cluster-like fiber morphology.The test results showed that the material exhibited good hydrogen evolution catalytic activity at 95℃ and 30 wt%KOH electrolyte.At current densities of 500,850,and 1000 mA·cm,the hydrogen evolution overpotentials of the material were 338,438,and 478 mV,respectively.