With the rapid development of technology such as the Internet and electronic devices, electromagnetic radiation pollution has become an increasingly prominent issue, which negatively impacts both human health and the normal operation of equipment. Especially with the rise of wearable and portable electronic devices, flexible and efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are increasingly demanded. Flexible carbon-based films, with their unique characteristics of high conductivity, good chemical stability, and excellent bending property, ensure stable EMI shielding effectiveness for equipment even under frequent bending and other conditions. In recent years, carbon-based films have been studied in the field of EMI shielding with significant progress, particularly through the elegant design of various structures, such as the construction of porous structures, layered structures, and nanocomposite structures. This review primarily explores the importance of structural design in carbon material films and provides an explanation of the principles of EMI shielding, including the types of carbon-based films, their fabrication methods, and the critical role of internal structural design. In addition, this review also analyzes the advantages of various carbon materials and their suitable structural forms, and based on the current state of research, discusses the future development directions and challenges of flexible carbon material films.

CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. However, their intrinsic tendency to undergo a spontaneous phase transition to a nonperovskite structure significantly hampers their practical deployment. Considerable efforts have been devoted to stabilizing the perovskite phase of CsPbI3 and improving the efficiency of LEDs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental factors governing CsPbI3 instability, encompassing both intrinsic structural characteristics and external environmental influences, and critically evaluates recent strategies developed to improve phase stability and device performance. Approaches discussed include (1) size confinement, (2) ionic doping, (3) surface passivation and termination, and (4) encapsulation. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the ongoing challenges, and outline potential avenues for future advancement of CsPbI3 QDs in optoelectronic applications.

The escalating issue of drug-resistant pathogens, largely driven by the overuse of conventional antibiotics, has become a significant global health threat. Developing alternative therapeutic strategies and fabricating natural biological enzyme materials that mimic the high efficiency, selectivity, and mild-operating conditions of natural enzymes is a promising approach but presents a significant challenge. Nanozymes—nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like catalytic activities—have emerged as innovative therapeutic platforms combining intrinsic antimicrobial properties with enhanced drug delivery capabilities. This review systematically elaborates on the concept, evolution, classification, and design synthesis strategy of antibacterial nanozymes, ranging from the nanoscale to the atomic scale, with a focus on their morphology, structure, catalytic activity, antimicrobial properties, stability, and reusability. It examines the antimicrobial mechanisms of nanozymes across three primary pathways: oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and nonoxidative interactions, and further explores the synergistic outcomes enabled by their multimodal integration. It also evaluates the enhanced antibacterial effects achieved by nanozyme–antibiotic composites (NACs)—engineered hybrid systems that combine nanozymes with traditional antibiotics. Key synergistic mechanisms include increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production alongside glutathione (GSH) depletion, enhanced antibiotic retention for controlled release, and membrane disruption to facilitate drug entry, resulting in a more potent “1 + 1 > 2” effect. Clinical applications of antibacterial nanozymes and NACs are also discussed, focusing on their potential to combat drug-resistant infections. Ultimately, the review identifies current research gaps and proposes future directions, highlighting the crucial role of these nanozyme-based therapies in advancing global efforts against drug-resistant infections.

Dynamic responsive fluids are emerging as transformative elements in the evolution of battery technologies, marking a pivotal shift from static passive designs toward systems that actively sense and adapt to their operating environments. By integrating dynamic responsive fluids, batteries can interact with both internal and external stimuli in real time, offering feedback-driven control over key processes. In this mini review, we systematically categorize intelligent fluids into four principal types: shear-responsive, electromagnetic field-responsive, thermally adaptive, and stimulus-free. We discuss their unique rheological behaviors and functional contributions to the dynamic regulation of ion transport, interfacial self-healing, and mechanical reinforcement. Particular attention is given to their implementation across electrolytes, electrodes, and interfaces, with an emphasis on their roles in suppressing dendrite growth, stabilizing interfaces, and improving thermal resilience. Finally, we highlight the emerging directions in this field, including philosophical thinking of design, the development of hybrid multistimuli-responsive fluids, advanced in situ rheological characterization tools, interdisciplinary strategies for integration and practical applications of these fluids. Together, these advances provide a path toward the realization of next-generation batteries that are intelligent, robust, and adaptable to complex operational demands.

Radiotherapy (RT) remains an indispensable means in cancer treatment; however, its therapeutic efficacy is often limited by tumor radioresistance and side effect of damage to healthy tissue. The advances in nanotechnology have propelled metal radiosensitizers to forefront of precision medicine. These metal-based radiosensitizations enhance RT efficacy through multifaceted mechanisms of physical dose amplification, chemical catalysis, and biological modulation. Compared to conventional way by employing high atomic number (high-Z) metal materials to enhance energy deposition, emerging strategies such as X-ray induced radiodynamic therapy (X-RDT) and Cerenkov radiation activated photodynamics therapy (CR-PDT), have been developed to synergize RT with deep-tumor reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under lower radiation dose. In this review, we highlight recent progress in metal-based radiosensitization for cancer therapy, discuss key challenges hindering clinical translation, and emphasize innovations in material design, combinatorial therapies, and clinical oncology. Collectively, these advances may unlock the full potential of metal-based radiosensitizers, paving the way for curative RT with minimal damage to normal tissues.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a transformative class of materials distinguished by their complex chemical compositions, unique microstructures, and remarkable mechanical and functional properties. Traditionally, the discovery and optimization of HEAs have relied on conventional methods, including trial-and-error experimentation, first-principles calculations, molecular dynamics (MD), and CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD). Although these techniques have contributed immensely to the discovery of HEAs, they struggle to efficiently and accurately navigate the vast and complex compositional space of HEAs owing to their inherent limitations. This review presents the evolution of HEA design methodologies, with a key focus on the paradigm shift brought about by the integration of machine learning (ML) into the HEA discovery process. It unifies composition design, phase prediction, microstructure analysis, and property/process optimization within a single coherent framework. In addition, frontier developments, such as the generative adversarial network (GAN)-based data augmentation to tackle the issue of limited datasets, active learning loops for targeted experimentation, and hybrid ML-physics models that incorporate fundamental strengthening mechanisms, are emphasized. Efforts to address persistent challenges include the use of local interpretable model-agnostic explanation (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), alongside physics-informed approaches, to improve model interpretability, whereas Bayesian-based techniques are utilized to improve uncertainty quantification. The synergy between experimental, computational, and data-driven approaches is highlighted as a key driver for creating predictive alloy-design frameworks that are both efficient and physically interpretable. By bridging conventional and data-driven approaches, this study not only deepens the understanding of HEA design principles but also outlines how emerging ML strategies are poised to accelerate the transition from material conception to application. An outlook on next-generation ML-driven HEA design is presented, with an emphasis on addressing current limitations and leveraging recent breakthroughs to expand the frontiers of material discovery.

Low conductivity and poor oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity limit the bifunctional catalytic performance of layered double hydroxide (LDH) in zinc–air batteries. In this work, an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst was prepared by loading nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon quantum dots (NPCQDs) onto a cationic-vacancy-containing NiFe-LDH substrate (NPCQDs@NiFev-LDH). The catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 280 mV for the OER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a half-wave potential of 0.82 V for the ORR. Benefiting from the cationic vacancy engineering and interfacial electronic coupling of NPCQDs@NiFev-LDH, the electron transfer from NiFe-LDH to NPCQDs was promoted, generating more higher-valence Ni3+ states and optimizing OER intermediates adsorption kinetics. Furthermore, N, P heteroatoms doping in CQDs resulted in the modulated electronic structure, and the formed heterostructure with NiFev-LDH increased the specific surface area, thereby promoting mass transfer and exposure of active sites, thus improving the bifunctional catalytic performance. The Zn–air battery (ZAB) assembled using this catalyst achieves a high-power density of 124.6 mW cm−2, a large energy density of 799.8 mAh gZn−1, and remarkable long cycle stability with high round-trip efficiency. Similarly, flexible ZABs demonstrate high power density and outstanding cycling stability. This work provides a novel strategy to enhance the bifunctional catalytic reactivity of electrocatalysts for ZAB.

Developing efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies is crucial for addressing the global energy and environmental challenges. As a promising clean energy conversion strategy, the electrocatalytic methanol oxidation coupled with cathodic hydrogen production provides a pivotal path to solve the above problems. Herein, we report the synthesis of a sulfate-grafted Mo-NiOOH@SO42−/NF bifunctional catalyst via a hydrothermal-sulfurization-electrochemical reconstruction strategy for coupled electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). For MOR, the catalyst achieves a formate production rate of 7.34 mmol cm−2 h−1 at 1.67 V (vs. RHE) with a partial current density of 790 mA cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 94.2%. In situ characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that sulfate grafting elevates the d-band center of Ni sites, enhances substrate adsorption, generates hydroxyl radicals (·OH) as reactive oxygen species, and reduces the energy barrier of the *CH3OH→*CH3O dehydrogenation step. When integrated into a two-electrode flow cell for MOR || HER, the Mo-NiOOH@SO42−/NF achieves a current density of 830 mA cm−2 at 3.25 V with 91.8% formate FE and demonstrates exceptional stability (> 65 h at 300 mA cm−2). This work highlights the potential of a surface modification strategy for advancing integrated electrosynthesis systems.

TA18 alloy is an ideal material for piping systems in the aerospace field, the low notch sensitivity and high damage tolerance enhance its engineering application value. However, the complex failure mechanism influenced by strain gradient necessitates further improvement of the service stability for TA18 alloy in practical engineering application. This study combines the advantages of high-precision coupling between dynamic stress and microstructure evolution in in situ SEM/EBSD testing to reveal the fracture damage mechanism during the tensile deformation process of extruded TA18 alloy (denoted as TA18-J). The fracture mechanism of TA18-J alloy is dominated by the α phase, with the β phase only coordinating local plastic deformation. The incompatible deformation of alloy and grain size effect of initial microstructure are the primary factors for the occurrence of strain gradient. The strain gradient leads to multiple concurrent ways of crack initiation and propagation during the tensile deformation of TA18-J alloy, further promoting the multi-scale dislocation activity mode and morphology distribution. The grain boundary energy and gradient-distributed strain energy are the critical driving force for crack nucleation and propagation. The TA18-J alloy undergoes a severe plastic deformation stage with an elongation of approximately 20% after necking, and the tolerance scale of notch insensitivity for TA18 alloy was quantified. Macroscopic and microscopic fracture characterizations indicated that the failure mechanism of the TA18-J alloy was a mixed fracture mode dominated by ductile fracture.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have displayed a significant potential in green recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode materials. In this study, we proposed a computational screening strategy based on the binding energy and hydrogen bonding performance via density functional theory and molecular dynamic calculation, achieving a novel DES system composed of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) and oxalic acid dihydrate (OA) for a dual closed-loop process to recycle LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode of spent LIBs. The binding energy between DESs and Li/Ni/Co/Mn ions were shown to critically influence metal leaching efficiency, implying that DESs with higher binding energy exhibited superior extraction performance. DES TMAC-OA was screened out as optimal potential, and then followed by experimental validations to achieve the leaching of valuable metals from spent NCM811 cathode powder in a much milder condition (80°C, 30 min) with high efficiency. Combined with the coordination regulation of water and ethanol, a high selectivity separation of Li and Ni/Co/Mn can be achieved to regenerate high-value precursors of NCM811 with both high purity and yield. The regenerated precursors can be used to produce new NCM811 with considerable electrochemical performances. More importantly, DESs can be perfectly regenerated and recycled many times, indicating that the process is cost-effective and eco-friendly. Such a strategy provides a feasibility basis to demonstrate a promising potential of DESs in the green recovery and recycling of valuable materials from spent LIBs, therefore benefiting the circular economy and the sustainable management of electronic waste.